Eduversity.bd — Learn with Us, Achieve Your Dreams

Medical Physiology — MCQ ও উত্তর

মেডিকেল ভর্তি · । এই অধ্যায়ে মোট 137টি প্রশ্ন আছে। নিচে প্রথম 10টি প্রশ্ন ও সঠিক উত্তর দেওয়া হলো।

এই অধ্যায়ে সব প্রশ্নে অনুশীলন করুন

  1. Which type of cartilage is best adapted to withstand compressive forces in the body?

    1. Elastic cartilage
    2. Fibrocartilage
    3. Hyaline cartilage
    4. Articular cartilage

    সঠিক উত্তর: Fibrocartilage

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B Fibrocartilage is best adapted to withstand compressive forces due to its dense collagen fiber network, which provides high tensile strength and shock absorption. It is commonly found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci where weight-bearing and mechanical stress are prevalent. Unlike elastic and hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage contains fewer chondrocytes and abundant type I collagen, enhancing its durability under compression. This makes fibrocartilage critical in surgical repairs involving load-bearing joints and degeneration prevention.Reference: Gray's Anatomy, Standring S., 42nd Edition.

  2. Satellite cells are primarily associated with which of the following tissue types?

    1. Smooth muscle tissue
    2. Cardiac muscle tissue
    3. Skeletal muscle tissue
    4. Nervous tissue

    সঠিক উত্তর: Skeletal muscle tissue

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option C Satellite cells are muscle stem cells located between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers. They are essential for muscle growth, repair, and regeneration, activating in response to injury to proliferate and differentiate into new muscle cells. Unlike smooth or cardiac muscle tissue, skeletal muscle uniquely relies on satellite cells for its regenerative capacity. Nervous tissue does not involve satellite cells, as they are specific to muscle biology. This makes satellite cells critical in clinical contexts such as muscle trauma, dystrophies, and surgical muscle repairs. Reference: Gray’s Anatomy, Standring S., 42nd Edition.

  3. Which of the following is the initial step in the process of hemostasis?

    1. Platelet plug formation
    2. Vascular spasm
    3. Coagulation cascade activation
    4. Fibrinolysis

    সঠিক উত্তর: Vascular spasm

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B The initial step in hemostasis is the vascular spasm, which is the immediate constriction of damaged blood vessels. This vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the injured area, limiting blood loss and providing time for subsequent processes like platelet plug formation and coagulation to occur. Without this rapid vessel narrowing, hemostasis would be less effective, leading to increased bleeding. This mechanism is crucial during surgery or trauma to quickly control hemorrhage before more complex hemostatic stages initiate.Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, Kumar, Abbas, Aster, 10th Edition.

  4. All of the following are components of the specialized conduction system of cardiac muscle EXCEPT:

    1. Purkinje fibers
    2. Bundle of His
    3. Intercalated discs
    4. Sinoatrial node

    সঠিক উত্তর: Intercalated discs

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option C Intercalated discs are specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells that facilitate mechanical and electrical coupling, ensuring synchronized contraction. However, they are not part of the specialized conduction system that initiates and propagates electrical impulses. The specialized conduction system includes the Sinoatrial (SA) node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers, which generate and transmit action potentials for coordinated heartbeat. Understanding this distinction is crucial during surgical interventions like cardiac ablation or pacemaker implantation, where preserving conduction pathways is essential.Reference: Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, Barrett, Edition 26.

  5. Which anticoagulant acts by inhibiting both thrombin and Factor Xa?

    1. Warfarin
    2. Heparin
    3. Aspirin
    4. Clopidogrel

    সঠিক উত্তর: Heparin

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B Heparin acts by potentiating the activity of antithrombin III, which inhibits both thrombin (Factor IIa) and Factor Xa, key enzymes in the coagulation cascade. This dual inhibition effectively prevents the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, thus stopping clot formation. Unlike warfarin, which affects vitamin K-dependent clotting factors indirectly, heparin exerts a rapid anticoagulant effect. This mechanism makes heparin essential in clinical settings requiring immediate anticoagulation, such as during surgery or acute thrombotic events. Reference: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Brunton L., 13th Edition.

  6. The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) corresponds to which of the following?

    1. Atrial depolarization
    2. Ventricular repolarization
    3. Ventricular depolarization
    4. Atrial repolarization

    সঠিক উত্তর: Atrial depolarization

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option A The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents atrial depolarization, which is the electrical activation of the atria leading to their contraction. This is the first deflection seen on the ECG, preceding ventricular activity. Since atrial depolarization initiates atrial contraction and the atria pump blood into the ventricles, the P wave is a crucial marker of normal atrial electrical function. Ventricular depolarization corresponds to the QRS complex, while ventricular and atrial repolarization correspond to different parts of the ECG waveform. Therefore, identifying the P wave specifically indicates atrial depolarization. Reference: Principles of Physiology, Guyton and Hall, 14th Edition.

  7. Which of the following directly increases cardiac output?

    1. Decreased preload
    2. Increased heart rate
    3. Decreased contractility
    4. Increased afterload

    সঠিক উত্তর: Increased heart rate

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B Increased heart rate directly increases cardiac output because cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume (CO = HR × SV). Raising the heart rate increases the number of cardiac cycles per minute, thus increasing the overall volume of blood pumped by the heart. This is a primary mechanism by which the body adapts to increased metabolic demands. In contrast, decreased preload, decreased contractility, or increased afterload generally reduce stroke volume and therefore do not directly enhance cardiac output. This makes increased heart rate the most direct way to boost cardiac output acutely. Reference: Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition.

  8. Which type of shock is most commonly caused by severe hemorrhage?

    1. Cardiogenic shock
    2. Hypovolemic shock
    3. Septic shock
    4. Neurogenic shock

    সঠিক উত্তর: Hypovolemic shock

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B Severe hemorrhage leads to a significant loss of blood volume, which directly reduces the preload and cardiac output. This causes inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, hallmark features of hypovolemic shock. Unlike cardiogenic or septic shocks, the primary problem in hemorrhagic shock is the decreased circulating blood volume, not heart pump failure or infection-induced vasodilation. Prompt recognition and restoration of intravascular volume through fluid resuscitation or blood transfusion are critical surgical interventions. Reference: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, J. Larry Jameson, 20th Edition.

  9. The primary vessel responsible for splanchnic circulation is the:

    1. Renal artery
    2. Mesenteric artery
    3. Femoral artery
    4. Coronary artery

    সঠিক উত্তর: Mesenteric artery

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B The mesenteric artery is the primary vessel responsible for splanchnic circulation as it supplies blood to the majority of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, large intestine, stomach, and pancreas. This vascular territory is critical for nutrient absorption and gut function. Surgical procedures involving the abdomen must carefully preserve mesenteric blood flow to prevent ischemia and bowel necrosis. Understanding the anatomy of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries is essential in abdominal surgeries, especially in vascular reconstructions and trauma management. Disruption can lead to life-threatening complications such as mesenteric ischemia.Reference: Gray's Anatomy, Susan Standring, 42nd Edition.

  10. Systolic blood pressure is defined as:

    1. The pressure when the heart is relaxing
    2. The pressure when the heart is contracting
    3. The pressure in the veins
    4. The pressure in the capillaries

    সঠিক উত্তর: The pressure when the heart is contracting

    ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B Systolic blood pressure is the maximum arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle, occurring when the heart's ventricles contract (systole) to eject blood into the arteries. This pressure reflects the force exerted by the blood against the arterial walls during ventricular contraction, which is critical for ensuring sufficient blood flow to organs. Measuring systolic pressure provides essential information about cardiac function and vascular resistance. It is distinct from diastolic pressure, which represents arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation. Accurate assessment of systolic pressure is vital in diagnosing and managing conditions like hypertension and heart disease.Reference: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Kasper et al., 20th Edition.

← আগের অধ্যায়পরের অধ্যায় →