Dental Pathology and Microbiology — MCQ ও উত্তর
ডেন্টাল ভর্তি · । এই অধ্যায়ে মোট 120টি প্রশ্ন আছে। নিচে প্রথম 10টি প্রশ্ন ও সঠিক উত্তর দেওয়া হলো।
এই অধ্যায়ে সব প্রশ্নে অনুশীলন করুন
Who was the first scientist to introduce the term 'cell' in biology?
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- Matthias Schleiden
- Robert Hooke
- Theodor Schwann
সঠিক উত্তর: Robert Hooke
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option C - The correct answer is Robert Hooke. - In 1665, Hooke was the first scientist to use the term "cell" when he observed the structure of cork under a microscope. - He described the small, box-like compartments as "cells" because they reminded him of the small rooms, or cells, in a monastery. - This observation laid the foundation for cell theory, making Hooke the pioneer in introducing this crucial biological term.Reference: The Micrographia, 1665, Chapter 10
Which of the following is NOT included in the fundamental principles of cell theory?
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells
- Cells contain hereditary information passed to daughter cells
- Cells can form spontaneously without precursors
সঠিক উত্তর: Cells can form spontaneously without precursors
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option D - The correct answer is "Cells can form spontaneously without precursors."- This statement contradicts the fundamental cell theory which states that all cells arise from pre-existing cells. - This concept, known as biogenesis, is crucial as it explains the continuity of life and denies spontaneous generation. - The other options are core principles: organisms are made of cells, cells contain hereditary information, and cells divide from existing cells, confirming that new cells do not form spontaneously.Reference: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th Edition, Chapter 1, Page 3
Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP within the cell?
- Lysosome
- Mitochondrion
- Golgi apparatus
- Endoplasmic reticulum
সঠিক উত্তর: Mitochondrion
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B - The mitochondrion is the cellular organelle responsible for producing ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell. - It generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation within the inner mitochondrial membrane. - This process converts energy from nutrients into a usable form to power cellular activities. Other organelles like lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum have different specialized functions unrelated to primary energy production.Reference: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th Edition, Chapter 10/Pages 550-555
Which of the following cellular components is exclusively found in plant cells?
- Cell wall
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Golgi apparatus
সঠিক উত্তর: Cell wall
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option A - The correct answer is Cell wall. - The cell wall is a rigid, protective layer found exclusively in plant cells and some fungi and bacteria, providing structural support and shape. - In contrast, mitochondria, ribosomes, and the Golgi apparatus are present in both plant and animal cells. Therefore, the presence of a cell wall distinguishes plant cells from animal cells. Reference: Biology, 10th Edition, Campbell/Reece, Chapter 6: Cell Structure and Function
Which macromolecule is synthesized by ribosomes during cellular function?
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
- Carbohydrates
সঠিক উত্তর: Proteins
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B - Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, which fold to form functional proteins.- This process is known as protein synthesis. - Unlike lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, which are synthesized through different enzymatic pathways, ribosomes specifically assemble amino acids in the correct sequence dictated by the genetic code. Thus, the macromolecule synthesized by ribosomes during cellular function is proteins.Reference: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th Edition, Chapter 6
Which of the following cellular responses is most typical of acute inflammation?
- Eosinophil predominance
- Neutrophil infiltration
- Lymphocyte accumulation
- Macrophage activation
সঠিক উত্তর: Neutrophil infiltration
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B - The correct answer is Neutrophil infiltration because neutrophils are the first responders to injury or infection in acute inflammation. - They quickly migrate to the site, where they perform phagocytosis and release enzymes to eliminate pathogens. - In contrast, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages are more characteristic of chronic inflammation or specific immune responses. Thus, neutrophil predominance is the hallmark of acute inflammation.Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, Chapter 2/ Page 44
Which type of cellular degeneration is characterized by the accumulation of lipids within the cytoplasm?
- Hyaline degeneration
- Fatty change
- Mucoid degeneration
- Amyloid degeneration
সঠিক উত্তর: Fatty change
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B - Fatty change refers to the abnormal accumulation of lipids (triglycerides) within the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells, typically seen in organs like the liver, heart, and kidneys. - This occurs due to impaired lipid metabolism or excessive lipid uptake. - It is distinct from other degenerations because it involves intracellular fat droplets, making cells appear vacuolated under the microscope. - Unlike hyaline, mucoid, or amyloid degeneration, which involve proteinaceous or mucopolysaccharide deposits, fatty change specifically involves lipid accumulation.Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, Chapter 2, Cellular Injury and Adaptations
Coagulative necrosis is characteristically seen in which of the following conditions?
- Myocardial infarction
- Brain infarction
- Liquefactive abscess
- Caseous tuberculosis
সঠিক উত্তর: Myocardial infarction
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option A - Coagulative necrosis is characterized by the preservation of tissue architecture for days after cell death, mainly due to protein denaturation. - It is typically seen in ischemic infarcts of solid organs like the heart (myocardial infarction). - In myocardial infarction, lack of blood supply causes cell death, but the tissue structure remains intact initially. - This contrasts with brain infarction and abscesses, which exhibit liquefactive necrosis, and tuberculosis, which shows caseous necrosis. Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, Chapter 2 – Cell Injury and Death, Page 45
Which of the following conditions is characterized by caseous necrosis as a distinctive pathological feature?
- Tuberculosis
- Syphilis
- Sarcoidosis
- Leprosy
সঠিক উত্তর: Tuberculosis
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option A - Tuberculosis is characterized by caseous necrosis, a distinctive form of tissue destruction where affected tissue appears soft, white, and cheese-like. - This necrosis results from the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to granuloma formation with central necrosis.- In contrast, Syphilis, Sarcoidosis, and Leprosy do not typically exhibit caseous necrosis; they form different types of granulomas without the characteristic cheesy necrosis. Thus, the presence of caseous necrosis is a hallmark of tuberculosis pathology. Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, Chapter 7/pp. 258-260
Which of the following is the primary cause of dry gangrene?
- Venous thrombosis
- Arterial occlusion
- Bacterial infection
- Lymphatic obstruction
সঠিক উত্তর: Arterial occlusion
ব্যাখ্যা: সমাধান সঠিক উত্তর: Option B - Dry gangrene primarily results from arterial occlusion, which leads to a significant loss of blood supply to the affected tissue. This ischemia causes the tissue to dry out, shrink, and become mummified without significant bacterial infection or inflammation.- In contrast, venous thrombosis typically causes wet gangrene due to impaired venous drainage and subsequent infection. Therefore, arterial occlusion is the key factor in dry gangrene's pathogenesis. Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, Chapter 3: Cell Injury and Death